Igice cya 1: Ibisobanuro hamwe nibisobanuro-Uruhu rushingiye ku mazi ni iki?
Uruhu rushingiye ku mazi rwa PU, ruzwi kandi ku ruhu rwa polyurethane rushingiye ku mazi, ni uruhu rwo mu rwego rwo hejuru rwakozwe mu gutwikira cyangwa gutera inda umwenda fatizo hamwe na poliurethane ukoresheje amazi nk'uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza (diluent). Kugira ngo twumve agaciro kayo, dukeneye kubanza guca ijambo:
Polyurethane (PU): Iyi ni polymer ya molekile nyinshi ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya abrasion nziza, guhinduka, gukomera kwinshi, no kurwanya gusaza. Nibikoresho fatizo byibanze byuruhu rwubukorikori, kandi imiterere yabyo igena neza uruhu rwuruhu, ibyiyumvo, hamwe nigihe kirekire.
Bishingiye ku mazi: Iri ni ryo tandukaniro ryingenzi ritandukanye n'inzira gakondo. Bivuga ko resin ya polyurethane idashonga mumashanyarazi kama (nka DMF, toluene, cyangwa butanone), ahubwo ikwirakwizwa kimwe mumazi nkibice bito, bigakora emulioni.
Niyo mpamvu, uruhu rwa PU rushingiye ku mazi ni uruhu rw’ibidukikije rwangiza ibidukikije rwakozwe hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya polyurethane ukoresheje amazi nk'umuti. Kugaragara no kwiteza imbere byerekana iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga mu nganda z’uruhu hagamijwe guhangana n’ibidukikije byo kurengera ibidukikije ku isi ndetse n’ubuzima ndetse n’umutekano.
Igice cya 2: Amavu n'amavuko - Kuki uruhu rushingiye ku mazi PU uruhu?
Kugaragara k'uruhu rwa PU rushingiye ku mazi ntabwo byabaye impanuka; yashizweho kugirango ikemure ibibazo bikomeye byatanzwe nimpu gakondo ya PU uruhu.
1. Ibibi bya gakondo ya Solvent ishingiye kuri PU uruhu:
Umwanda ukabije w’ibidukikije: Mugihe cyo kubyara umusaruro, ibinyabuzima byinshi bihindagurika (VOC) bisohoka mu kirere. VOC ni intangiriro yingenzi yumwotsi wamafoto na PM2.5, bitera ingaruka zikomeye kubidukikije nubuzima bwabantu.
Ibyago byubuzima n’umutekano: Umuti ukomoka ku buhinzi akenshi uburozi, burashya, kandi buturika. Kumara igihe kinini ku bakozi bo mu ruganda bitera ibyago byo kuroga, kandi umubare muto w’ibisigazwa by’ibishishwa bishobora kuguma mu bicuruzwa byarangiye mu cyiciro cyacyo cya mbere, bikaba byangiza ubuzima bw’abaguzi.
Imyanda yumutungo: Ibikorwa bishingiye kumashanyarazi bisaba ibikoresho bigoye byo kugarura ibintu kugirango bitunganyirizwe kandi bitunganyirizwe hamwe, bivamo gukoresha ingufu nyinshi no kudashobora kugera ku 100%, bikaviramo imyanda.
2. Politiki n'abashoferi b'isoko:
Gushimangira amabwiriza y’ibidukikije ku isi: Ibihugu byo ku isi, cyane cyane Ubushinwa, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, na Amerika ya Ruguru, byashyizeho imipaka ikaze y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ndetse n’amategeko agenga imisoro y’ibidukikije, bituma inganda zizamuka.
Kumenyekanisha ibidukikije ku baguzi biriyongera: Ibirango n’abaguzi benshi bagenda batekereza "kurengera ibidukikije," "kuramba," na "icyatsi" nk’ibyingenzi mu byemezo by’ubuguzi bwabo, bigatuma hakenerwa ibikoresho bisukuye.
Isosiyete ishinzwe imibereho myiza (CSR) hamwe nishusho yerekana ibicuruzwa: Gukoresha ibikoresho bitangiza ibidukikije byahindutse inzira nziza kubigo byuzuza inshingano zimibereho no kuzamura izina ryabo.
Bitewe nibi bintu, tekinoroji ya PU ishingiye kumazi, nkuburyo bushoboka cyane, itanga amahirwe menshi yiterambere.
Igice cya 3: Uburyo bwo Gukora - Itandukaniro Ryibanze Hagati y’amazi n’uruhu rushingiye
Igikorwa cyo gukora uruhu rushingiye ku mazi rwa PU rusa cyane n’urwo rushingiye ku musemburo, cyane cyane harimo gutegura imyenda fatizo, gutwikira polyurethane, gukiza, gukaraba, kumisha, no kuvura hejuru (gushushanya, gucapa, no kuryama). Itandukaniro ryibanze riri murwego "gutwikira" no "gukiza".
1. Inzira ishingiye ku gisubizo (Sisitemu ya DMF):
Igipfundikizo: PU resin yashonga mumashanyarazi nka DMF (dimethylformamide) kugirango ibe igisubizo kiboneka, hanyuma igashyirwa kumyenda y'ibanze.
Coagulation: Igicuruzwa gisize igice cyarangije kwibizwa mu bwogero bushingiye ku mazi. Gukoresha amakosa atagira ingano ya DMF n'amazi, DMF iratandukana byihuse n'umuti wa PU mumazi, mugihe amazi yinjira mumuti wa PU. Iyi nzira itera PU kugwa mubisubizo, ikora microporome cortical layer. Amazi mabi ya DMF arasaba ibikoresho bihenze kandi bigarura ibikoresho.
2. Inzira ishingiye ku mazi:
Igipfundikizo: Amazi ya PU ashingiye kumazi (ibice bya PU bikwirakwizwa mumazi) ashyirwa kumyenda y'ibanze akoresheje uburyo nko gutwikira icyuma cyangwa kwibiza.
Coagulation: Iyi ni inzira igoye. Amazi ashingiye kumazi ntabwo arimo ibishishwa nka DMF, kubwibyo coagulation ntishobora gukorwa gusa namazi. Kugeza ubu, hari uburyo bubiri bwibanze bwo guhuza:
Ubushyuhe bwa Thermal: Gushyushya no gukama bikoreshwa mu guhumeka amazi, bigatuma ibice bya PU bishingiye ku mazi bishonga bigakora firime. Ubu buryo bukora firime yuzuye ifite umwuka mubi.
Coagulation (coagulation chimique): Uru nurufunguzo rwo kubyara uruhu ruhumeka rushingiye ku ruhu. Nyuma yo gutwikira, ibikoresho binyura mu bwogero burimo coagulant (ubusanzwe igisubizo cyamazi cyumunyu cyangwa aside aside). Coagulant ihungabanya emulisiyo yo mu mazi, ihatira uduce twa PU kumeneka, guteranya, no gutura, bikavamo imiterere ya microporome isa niy'ibikoresho bishingiye ku musemburo. Ibi bitanga umwuka mwiza nubushuhe.
Inzira ishingiye kumazi ikuraho burundu ibishishwa kama, ikuraho imyuka ya VOC ku isoko. Ibi bituma ibidukikije byose bibyara umutekano kandi bikuraho ibikenewe muri sisitemu yo kugarura ibintu bigoye, bikavamo inzira yoroshye kandi yangiza ibidukikije.
Igice cya 4: Ibiranga imikorere - Ibyiza nibibi byamazi ashingiye kumazi ya PU
(I) Ibyiza Byibanze:
Kurengera ibidukikije bihebuje:
Ibyuka bihumanya hafi ya Zeru: Nta muti w’ubumara cyangwa wangiza wangiza mu gihe cyo kubyara umusaruro, bikavamo imikorere yangiza ibidukikije.
Ntabwo ari uburozi kandi butagira ingaruka: Igicuruzwa cyanyuma kirimo ibishishwa bisigaye, ntibitera uruhu rwabantu, kandi bifite umutekano kandi ntabwo ari uburozi. Yubahiriza amahame akomeye y’ibidukikije (nka EU REACH na OEKO-TEX Standard 100), bigatuma biba byiza mubisabwa bisaba ubuzima bwiza, nkibicuruzwa byimpinja n’abana bato, imbere yimodoka, nibikoresho byo munzu.
Uburyo bwiza bwo kubyaza umusaruro: Kurandura ingaruka zumuriro, guturika, nuburozi bwabakozi.
Imikorere myiza:
Intoki nziza cyane: Uruhu rukozwe mumazi ya PU rusanzwe rufite ubusanzwe rufite ibyiyumvo byoroshye, byuzuye, byegereye uruhu nyarwo.
Guhumeka nubushuhe-byemewe (kuri Coagulation): Imiterere ya microporome yakozwe ituma umwuka nubushuhe byanyura, gukora inkweto, imifuka, sofa, nibindi bicuruzwa byumye kandi byoroshye gukoresha, gutsinda ibintu bikunze kuba bifitanye isano nimpu zubukorikori.
Kurwanya Hydrolysis Yinshi: Imwe muntege nke za polyurethane nizishobora kwanduzwa na hydrolysis no kwangirika mubushyuhe bwinshi nubushuhe bwinshi. Sisitemu ya PU ishingiye kumazi itanga uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura imiterere ya molekile, bigatuma irwanya hydrolysis iruta iyindi igereranije nimpu ya PU igereranywa, bigatuma ubuzima bumara igihe kirekire.
Gukomera gukomeye: Ibisigarira bishingiye kumazi byerekana ubushuhe buhebuje hamwe no gufatira kumasoko atandukanye (idoda, idoda, na microfiber ishingiye kumyenda).
Politiki n'inyungu z'isoko:
Byoroshye kubahiriza amategeko y’ibidukikije mu gihugu no mu mahanga, yemeza ko ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bidafite impungenge.
Hamwe na label "Icyatsi kibisi", biroroshye kubona kugura kurutonde rwubucuruzi rwibicuruzwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru hamwe n’abaguzi.
Igice cya 5: Ahantu ho Gusaba - Guhitamo Ibidukikije-Byangiza ibidukikije
Gukoresha ibyiza byayo bibiri byangiza ibidukikije nibikorwa, uruhu rwa PU rushingiye kumazi rwinjira mubice bitandukanye:
Imyambarire n'inkweto: Kwambara inkweto za siporo, inkweto zisanzwe, inkweto z'imyambarire, imyenda y'uruhu, hasi ya jacket yimyenda, ibikapu, nibindi byinshi nibisabwa cyane. Guhumeka no guhumurizwa ni ingenzi.
Ibikoresho byo mu nzu n'ibikoresho byo mu rugo: sofa yo mu rwego rwo hejuru, intebe zo kuriramo, ibitanda byo kuryama, n'ibikoresho byoroshye imbere. Izi porogaramu zisaba urwego rwo hejuru cyane rwo kurwanya hydrolysis, kurwanya abrasion, n’umutekano w’ibidukikije.
Imodoka Imbere: Intebe zimodoka, amaboko, imbaho zumuryango, ibipfukisho byimodoka, nibindi byinshi. Iri ni isoko ryingenzi ryamazi yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ashingiye ku ruhu rwa PU, rugomba kuba rwujuje ubuziranenge bukomeye bwo kurwanya gusaza, kurwanya urumuri, VOC nkeya, no kutagira umuriro.
Ibicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki: Ikarita ya mudasobwa igendanwa, ikariso ya terefone, imishumi yisaha yubwenge, nibindi byinshi, itanga ubwitonzi, bworoshye uruhu, hamwe nuburyo bwiza.
Imizigo hamwe n’imifuka: Imyenda yimifuka itandukanye yimyambarire yimyambarire, amasakoshi, nimizigo, ihuza ubwiza, kuramba, hamwe nubushakashatsi bworoshye.
Ibicuruzwa bya siporo: Umupira wamaguru, basketball, gants, nibindi byinshi.
Igice cya 6: Kugereranya nibindi bikoresho
v. Uruhu rwa PU rushingiye ku ruhu: Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, uruhu rushingiye ku mazi ruruta mu bijyanye no kubungabunga ibidukikije, ubuzima bwiza, no kumva amaboko, ariko iracyafite umwanya wo gufata mu bijyanye n’ibiciro ndetse n’imikorere ikabije. Uruhu rushingiye ku mazi nicyerekezo gisobanutse cyiterambere ryikoranabuhanga.
v. Uruhu nyarwo: Uruhu nyarwo ni ibintu bisanzwe bifite imiterere yihariye kandi ihumeka neza, ariko bihenze, bifite uburinganire butaringaniye, kandi uburyo bwo gukora (tanning) burahumanya. Uruhu rushingiye ku mazi rwa PU rutanga isura ihamye kandi ikora ku giciro gito, nta kwangiza inyamaswa, kandi ihujwe n’imyumvire irambye yo gukoresha imyitwarire.
na PVC Uruhu rwa artificiel: Uruhu rwa PVC rutanga igiciro gito, ariko rufite ibyiyumvo bikomeye, guhumeka nabi, ntirurwanya ubukonje, kandi rushobora guteza ibibazo by ibidukikije bitewe no kongeramo plastike. Uruhu rushingiye ku mazi rwa PU rurenze PVC mu bijyanye n’imikorere no kubungabunga ibidukikije.
Uruhu rwa Microfiber Uruhu: Uruhu rwa Microfiber ni uruhu ruhebuje rwuruhu rufite imikorere yegereye uruhu nyarwo. Mubisanzwe ikoresha microfibre idoda idoda nkumugongo wayo, kandi igifuniko gishobora gukorwa haba mumashanyarazi cyangwa ashingiye kumazi PU. Ihuriro ryamazi yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ashingiye kuri PU nigitambaro cya microfiber byerekana isonga ryubuhanga bwubuhanga bwuruhu.
Igice cya 6: Iterambere ryigihe kizaza
Iteration ya Technologie na Performance Breakthroughs: Mugutezimbere ibishashara bishya bishingiye kumazi (nka silicone yahinduwe na PU na acrylic yahinduwe PU) hamwe no gukoresha tekinoroji yo gukiza, imiterere yibicuruzwa nibikorwa byayo (flame retardancy, antibacterial properties, self-healing, etc.) bizarushaho kunozwa.
Gukwirakwiza ibiciro no gupima: Hamwe no gukwirakwiza ikoranabuhanga no kwagura ubushobozi bw’umusaruro, ubukungu bw’ibipimo bizagabanya buhoro buhoro igiciro rusange cy’amazi ashingiye ku mazi ya PU, bigatuma irushanwa ku isoko.
Urunigi rw’inganda Kwishyira hamwe no Kuringaniza: Kuva muri synthesis ya resin kugeza ku ruganda rukora ibicuruzwa kugeza ku bicuruzwa, urwego rwose rw’inganda ruzakora ubufatanye bwa hafi kandi rufatanya guteza imbere ishyirwaho n’iterambere ry’inganda.
Ubukungu buzenguruka hamwe n’ibikoresho bishingiye kuri Bio: Ubushakashatsi n’iterambere bizaza ntibizibanda gusa ku musaruro w’umusaruro, ahubwo bizibanda no ku kongera gukoreshwa no kubora ibinyabuzima nyuma y’ubuzima bwabo bwa nyuma. Gukoresha ibikoresho fatizo bishingiye kuri bio (nk'ibigori n'amavuta ya castor) mugutegura amazi ashingiye kuri PU bizaba umupaka ukurikira.
Umwanzuro
Uruhu rushingiye ku mazi ya PU ntirurenze gusa gusimbuza ibikoresho; byerekana inzira yibanze yinganda zimpu guhinduka kuva mumigenzo gakondo, ihumanya cyane, kandi ikoresha ingufu nyinshi ikajya mubyatsi, birambye. Iratsinda neza agaciro keza hagati yimikorere, ikiguzi, no kubungabunga ibidukikije, guhaza abaguzi kubicuruzwa byuruhu byujuje ubuziranenge ndetse no kuzuza inshingano z’imibereho yo kurengera ibidukikije. Mugihe muri iki gihe uhura nibibazo bimwe na bimwe bya tekiniki, ibyiza byayo bidukikije hamwe nubushobozi bwo kubishyira mu bikorwa bituma ihinduka inganda zidasubirwaho. Uko ikoranabuhanga rimaze gukura no kumenyekanisha isoko ryimbitse, uruhu rwa PU rushingiye ku mazi rwiteguye guhinduka inzira nyamukuru idashidikanywaho y’isoko ry’uruhu rw’ejo hazaza, rukarema isi isukuye, itekanye, kandi igezweho.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-10-2025
